Evans, GA. Contemporary American Christians continue to look for inspirations and examples regarding how to follow Christ in the face of opposing cultural forces. Some hold up Benedict as a timely model, others suggest Augustine, and still others say we should turn to Mary.

Gerald L. Sittser argues that the entire early church should be our guide. In Resilient Faith: How the Early Christian “Third Way” Changed the World he says that “Christendom has more recently become fragile.” Specifically, “Christianity in America is declining, in both numbers and influence. The culture is changing, and we must therefore recognize that we live in a world very different from the one that existed even half a century ago during what appeared to be the ‘golden age’ of American Christianity” (11). Whether this development should be mourned seems at least debatable to Sittser, who writes that Christianity became in many ways “compromised” (7) and “moribund” (177) after Constantine legalized it in 313.

As for how we might respond to this situation, Sittser contends we should not even attempt to redress matters via conventional electoral politics: “It will not work, at least not anymore. It has probably never worked, or if it has, under terms in which the cost was probably too high, sacrificing genuine Christian influence for the sake of political power” (12).

Rather, we should learn from the early Christians, who “did not angle for power, march on Rome, tell the emperor how to rule, or work for his demise” (109). Instead, “Rejecting both accommodation and isolation, early Christians immersed themselves in the culture as followers of Jesus and servants of the kingdom of God,” which manifested in their worship, fellowship, and service (17, 175–76). To perpetuate this way of life they instituted a robust system of catechesis designed “to form people in the faith, to prepare them for church membership, and to equip them to be effective witnesses in the empire” (157). In all of this they never explicitly sought to “transform” the larger culture, although they inadvertently succeeded in doing so simply by faithfully following Christ (16).

After tracing this basic sketch of the early Christians, Sittser spends the bulk of the book filling in the picture with historical details concerning how the early church succeeded in light of the uniqueness of Christ, the cohesive and reconciliatory nature of the church, the character of Christian worship and service, etc.

If these themes sound familiar, it is because they are more than a bit reminiscent of Stanley Hauerwas and William H. Willimon’s Resident Aliens. Those authors also bade good riddance to Christendom and the “Constantinian synthesis” (18); dismissed conventional politics as “accommodationist” (32); declared that the church’s true task was simply to “worship Christ in all things” (45); emphasized the importance of forming “people who more closely resemble, in their life-style, beliefs, and values, disciples of Jesus” (105); and warned against the belief that the church should seek to “transform” culture (38).

This is not to say that Resilient Faith is superfluous—as Hauerwas and Willimon wrote in their own book, “We have no stake in saying something new. That is a favorite game of academia and is of little use to a church more interested in saying something true than something new” (170).

In short, truth always bears repeating, and Sittser recapitulates some important truths. We would do well to note in particular that the early Christians took catechesis seriously because Christianity was “so new and different” from the prevailing ways of life—Sittser identifies these as “Greco-Roman religion or Judaism” (6)—that “nothing short of a rigorous training program would have sufficed.” As Sittser puts it, “The catechumenate functioned much like a total immersion program in language study” (157). Greater focus on catechesis in our own time could aid us in reaching the middle ground between accommodating to the culture and isolating ourselves from it.

We would also benefit from understanding that a person’s acceptance or rejection of Christianity often has little to do with rational argumentation. Sittser observes that for many today, atheism “seems less a choice and more a default, as if reason and debate have given way to inertia” (13). In this respect, too, we can learn from the early Christians: “[Celsus] noted that Christians won converts not through public debate among elites—as Celsus would have wished—but through quiet witness in their homes and places of work, which he found disconcerting” (58). We also should not be afraid to witness to people in a way that does not hinge on formulating arguments.

Finally, Sittser is right to remind us that cultural transformation is not a goal we should consciously seek, lest in striving for it we miss the mark altogether. Rather, if it is God’s will, transformation might gradually occur as a natural consequence of living faithfully. As John Bolt has written in A Free Church, a Holy Nation, “American Christians need to learn to think in terms of millennia, not in the short-range periods of single presidential or congressional electoral terms” (441).

All this being said, I would disagree with Sittser’s contention that Christian involvement in conventional politics is rarely, if ever, legitimate. (Indeed, he is so at pains to make this argument that he cites Tertullian, saying, “He noted that there was nothing more alien to Christians than political activity” [110].) As a matter of prudence, I agree with Sittser that in our present circumstances conventional politics will avail us less and less in the foreseeable future. But in my view Christians should not rule out conventional politics entirely, and certainly not in principle. As Brad Littlejohn says in The Two Kingdoms, “Love of neighbor in our context demands that Christians be willing to take action in the public square, whether as leaders or as engaged citizens holding our leaders to account and challenging them to love justice and serve their people” (84–85).

This caveat aside, Sittser’s study of the early church is a helpful contribution to the ongoing discussion of how contemporary American Christians should relate to the larger culture.

Elevated figures in church history have a great deal to teach us, but we should not forget that we can also learn from the early, run-of-the-mill Christians who were as ordinary as we are, yet who, as the collective body of Christ, experienced vibrant faith and incredible growth in an inhospitable environment.

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5 COMMENTS

  1. I’ve not read Sittser’s book, but one thing that this sort of analysis often seems to miss is the fact that we do not know what a post-Christian paganism will look like, and that therefore we can’t assume that what “worked” in the 3rd century will work now. I think we can all agree that personal commitment, faithful living, cultivation of the virtues, etc., are (or should be) the mainsprings of how we should live as Christians in a hostile society. But I believe it’s important to consider that whereas the early Church was proclaiming “good news” (it was, in fact, “news!”), the Gospel today is seen as old hat — not really “news” at all. Hence, the hostility towards the faith today is not the same as that under which the early Church suffered, even outside of periods of persecution.

    I’m not saying that “Do what the early Christians did” is a bad idea. On the contrary, as an Orthodox believer I’d argue that such an exhortation is very much to the point. But I think it has to be applied with as full a knowledge as possible of what today’s “paganism” is throwing against us. In any case, I’ll be reading Sittser’s book with interest — thanks for the review.

  2. Rob, Gerald Sittser here, the author of the book. Baker just sent the review to me. I appreciated your comments, and good will. I only want to add that I do in fact make a clear distinction in the book between pre-Christendom and post-Christendom. Early Christians did NOT have to address nominalism, and so many other problems that affect the western church today. We are hardly starting from scratch. As I state, we cannot return to the past. The best we can do is learn from it, and then apply it, with a great many qualifications, to the present. Nor do I argue that we should rule out political involvement. Christians in this early period did not have access to power in the same way we do. Our problem is not lack of access; it is abuse. Both mainliners and, more currently, evangelicals tell a cautionary tale by their example of what not to do, for the most part anyway. Thanks for your thoughtful reply. And thanks, James, for your thoughtful reveiw.

  3. I just discovered your blog and am excited to hear from Christians who can enlighten me on so many issues. I am a 75 year old widow and great-grandmother who is very much a product of my parents’ generation. I feel I have been swimming upstream my my entire life culturally, politically, and in my faith. At the same time I have had a very happy life being married 48 years and raising my wonderful children. The review of your book, James, and your answer to Rob are of great help to me. I intend to read the book as soon as I can get it. With the loss of my husband and both parents within the last 10 years, I have also lost those who were on the same wave length as I on so many issues. My children and most of my grandchildren are professing and practicing Christians to various degrees, but I find that many of them, including two of my children, have over the years begun to absorb liberal thinking. I am alarmed by that but they know exactly where I stand. However, I must avoid controversy with them if I want to keep a close relationship. I never thought I would be in this place but I am reminded of Matthew 12:48-50 were Jesus indicated that His (and our) true family would be the family of faith. Is this the future of Christians as Christianity loses respect in our “enlightened” world? It is dismaying to me and to many others I’m sure to find our beloved narrow way becoming more and more narrow.

  4. Correction to the above. Sorry but I named James as the author when he was the one who reviewed the book. Gerald Sittser is the author.

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